Leaving the Queen's Bouquet been in the Republic of Ireland's Garden of Remembrance during a visit to the State First ITU Created a king of England.
The act is significant as the garden, in Dublin, is dedicated to people who fought for Irish independence.
Earlier, the Queen was welcomed by President Mary McAleese after flying into Baldonnel military airbase.
One of the Republic's biggest ever security operations is in place, amid a rise in dissident republican violence.
Earlier it emerged that a pipe bomb found on a passenger bus bound for Dublin on Monday had been made safe by an Irish army team.
Upon landing at the military airbase, just outside Dublin, the Queen emerged wearing an outfit of symbolic emerald green.
The monarch later emerged from dinner wearing a white outfit.
The British national anthem was played when she arrived at the Garden of Remembrance to lay the wreath, which commentators said was a highly symbolic act - the garden commemorates Irish people who fought over the centuries against British rule.
A one-minute silence followed the laying of the wreath.
At Baldonnel airbase, the royals were greeted by an Irish Air Corps guard of honour and presented with flowers by a south Dublin schoolgirl, eight-year-old Rachel Fox.
National anthems
The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh were then driven in a bomb-proof and bullet-proof car, with a 33-motorcycle escort, to Aras an Uachtarain - the official residence of the Irish president in Dublin's Phoenix Park. The visit is taking place following Mrs McAleese's invitation.
The Queen shook hands with the president at the front of the residence before moving inside to meet the Taoiseach (prime minister) Enda Kenny.
The Irish flag and the union jack flew side by side at the gates to the building, where both countries' national anthems were played.
A 21-gun salute and an Air Corps flypast also greeted the Queen's arrival.
She and Prince Philip signed the visitor's book in the residence's lavish state ballroom, before having lunch with the president and her husband.
King George V was the last reigning monarch to visit the country, in 1911, when what is now the Republic was then part of the UK.
Ahead of the visit, UK Prime Minister David Cameron said: "One hundred years on from the last time a British monarch visited Ireland, I think there is a great sense of history and occasion."
He added: "I think the real effect... will be a marker that just as we are solving some of the problems there have been between us in the past, just as we are helping each other through these difficult economic times, now is a great moment for people in Britain and people in Ireland to remember what it is we share."
Mr Cameron will join the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh for part of their trip on Wednesday, while Foreign Secretary William Hague is following the usual practice of accompanying the royals throughout their visit.
There were scuffles between police and republicans protesting against the visit in the centre of Dublin at Tuesday lunchtime.
Up to 200 supporters of the Eirigi socialist republican party later retreated to stage a rally nearby.
The Queen will attend events at Trinity College Dublin, the National War Memorial Gardens in Islandbridge and Croke Park stadium.
Croke Park is the home of Gaelic games where in 1920, during the Irish War of Independence, British forces fired into the crowd at a football match, killing 14 spectators and players.
The Queen is also to make a speech at a state dinner at Dublin Castle.
There are also plans for the Queen and Prince Philip to visit the Irish National Stud in County Kildare, as well as the Rock of Cashel in County Tipperary and a technology park in Cork.
Controlled explosion
The bomb on the bus was found in a holdall in the luggage compartment on Monday night during a check in Maynooth, County Kildare, to the west of Dublin.
About 30 people who were on board the bus were taken off and transported to Dublin in another vehicle.
The device was later made safe in a controlled explosion carried out by an Irish army bomb disposal team.
A coded bomb threat relating to London had been received on Sunday, the first issued by Irish dissidents outside Northern Ireland in 10 years, officials said.
However, the threat level for Northern Ireland-related terrorism in Britain remains unchanged at substantial. In Northern Ireland it is severe.
The cost of the security operation has been estimated at 30 million euros (£26m), with measures including:
Deployment of more than 6,000 Irish police and Defence Forces personnel onto the streets of Dublin
Increased surveillance of known republican dissidents
A ring of steel, comprising 25 miles of crowd-control barriers, installed around the Irish capital
Checking of thousands of manhole covers and lamp-posts, and parking bans imposed on 30 city centre streets
Source : BBC
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